Can을 사용해서 말하려면 2가지 조건을 만족해야 한다.
1. Something is possible or allowed
2. Somebody has the ability to do something
예를 들어,
⦁ We can see the lake from our hotel (possibility) 우리 호텔에서 호수를 볼 수 있어. (가능성)
: You can say that we are able to see the lake from our hotel, but "can" is more usual!!!
⦁ 'I don't have a pen' 'you can use mine' (permission) 나 펜이 없어.. 그럼 내꺼 써도 돼. (허락)
⦁ Can you speak any foreign languages? (ability) 너 외국어 가능해? (능력)
⦁ I can come and see you tomorrow if you like (possibility) 너만 좋으면 나 내일 너 볼 수 있어. (가능성)
⦁ The word 'dream' can be a noun or a verb (possibility) "dream"은 명사나 동사로도 쓰일 수 있어 (가능성)
⦁ I'm afraid I can't come to the party on Friday (possibility) 금요일에 파티에 못 갈까봐 걱정돼 (가능성)
하지만 can 은 can과 could로 밖에 쓸 수 없기 때문에 다양한 시제를 이용하고 싶거나 미묘한 늬앙스를 표현해서 말하고 싶을 때는 be able to 써야 한다.
⦁ I haven't been able to sleep recently 최근에 잠을 잘 수가 없어 (과거부터 현재까지 지속되는 일을 말하고 싶을 때)
⦁ Tom might be able to come tomorrow Tom은 내일 올 수 있을지도 몰라
: might 들어간 표현은 실생활에 정말 많이 쓰이는 것 같다. 비록 내 입에 붙지 않은 표현이라 나는 말할 때 자주 쓰지는 않지만, 미국인 동료들이 말할 때 보면 정말 많이 듣는 표현이 might 인 거 같다. 그만큼 뭔가 애매한 상황이 많으니깐 확실하지 않을 때 might be able to를 써보자!
⦁ Applicants for the job must be able to speak two foreign languages 지원자들은 반드시 이중언어를 할 줄 알아야 해. 후덜덜
Could는 특히 see, hear, smell, taste, feel, remember, understand와 짝꿍으로 잘 쓰인다.
⦁ We had a lovely room in the hotel. We could see the lake 우리 호텔 진짜 좋았어! 방에서 호수도 볼 수 있었거든
⦁ As soon as I walked into the room, I could smell gas 방에 들어가자마자, 가스 냄새를 맡을 수 있었어 ㅜㅜ
⦁ I was sitting at the back of the theatre and couldn't hear very well 내가 극장 뒤에 앉아있어서 그런지 잘 안 들리더라구..
somebody had the general ability or permission to do something 어떤 사람이 일반적인 능력이나 어떤 것에 허락을 할 때에도 could를 쓸 수 있다
⦁ My grandfather could speak five languages 우리 할아버지 5개 언어를 할 수 있어!
⦁ We were totally free. We could do what we wanted = we were allowed to do 우리 완전히 한가했어! 우린 원하는 건 할 수 있었어.
Could and was able to 비교
could는 general ability을 표현하고 싶을 때 쓰지만 be able to 또는 managed to를 사용할 때는 어떤 특정상황(situation)에서 누군가 뭔가를 했을 때 사용한다
⦁ The fire spread through the building very quickly, but fortunately everybody was able to escape/ managed to escape (not could escape)
⦁ We didn't know where David was, but we managed to find / were able to find him in the end (not could find)
⦁ Jack was an excellent tennis player when he was younger. He could beat anybody (= he had the general ability to beat anybody)
⦁ Jack and Andy played a match yesterday. Andy played well, but Jack managed to beat him (= he managed to beat him this time) 간신히 ~했다, 용케 ~했다 어떻게서든 ~했다
Couldn't 은 모두 상황에서 사용할 수 있다
⦁ My grandfather couldn't swim
⦁ We looked for David everywhere, but we couldn't find him
⦁ Andy played well, but he couldn't beat Jack
Exercises
1. Gary has travelled a lot. He can speak five languages (ability)
2. I haven't been able to sleep very well recently
3. Nicole can drive, but she doesn't have a car (ability)
4. I used to be able to stand on my head, but I can't do it any more
5. I can't understand Mark. I've never been able to understand him
6. I can't see you on Friday, but I can meet you on Saturday morning (possibility)
7. Ask Katherine about your problem. She might be able to help you
1. I used to be able to sing well
2. I used to be able to make clothes with a sewing machine
3. I'd like to be able to speak English more fluent
4. I've never been able to go bungee jumping and I don't want to try it ever!: forever는 긍정문에 부정문에는 not ~ ever
can/can't/could/couldn't
1. I'm afraid I can't come to your party next week
2. When Dan was 16, he could run100 meters in 10 seconds
3. 'Are you in a hurry?' 'No, I've got plenty of time. I can wait
4. I was feeling sick yesterday. I couldn't eat anything
5. Can you speak a little louder? I can't hear you very well
6. 'You look tired' 'Yes, I couldn't sleep last night'
1. Did everybody escape from the fire? Yes, although the fire spread quickly, everybody was able to escape
2. Did you finish your work this afternoon? Yes, there was nobody to disturb me, so I was able to finish it
3. Did you have problems finding our house? Not really. Your directions were good and we were able to find it
4. Did the thief get away? 도망쳤니? Yes, No one realized what was happening and the thief was able to get away
1. My grandfather travelled a lot. He could speak five languages
2. I looked everywhere for the book, but I couldn't find it
3. They didn't want to come with us at first, but we managed to persuade them
4. Laura had hurt her leg and she managed to (couldn't) walk very well
5. I ran my first marathon recently. It was very hard, but I managed to (could보다 managed to가 자연스러움) finish
6. I looked very carefully and I managed to (could) see somebody in the distance
7. I wanted to buy some tomatoes. The first shop I went to didn't have any, but I managed to (could) get some in the next shop
8. My grandmother loved music. She could play the piano very well
9. A girl fell into the river, but fortunately we managed to pull her out
10. I had forgotten to bring my camera, so I couldn't take any pictures
출처 English grammar in use by Raymond Murphy
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